Francesco IV. Duca di Modena…Arciduca d’Austria, e Principe Reale d’Ungheria, e di Boemia [Proclamation by Francis IV, Arch-Duke of Austro-Hungarian Empire concerning the Jews of Modena]

With the fall of Napoleon’s relatively benevolent empire in 1814, the Jews of Modena in north central Italy, once again found themselves under Austrian rule with the concomitant draconian restrictions: exclusion from public office, inability to follow certain callings such as that of apothecary, and a prohibition to hold real estate. See Cecil Roth, The History of the Jews of Italy, pp. 445-47