Sepher Nitzachon-Liber Nizachon. * Bound with: Gans, David. Zemach David. First Part (Frankfurt, 1692), ff. 47, (5). Second Part (Amsterdam, n.d.), ff. 95, (8). Foxed. [Vinograd, Frankfurt A.M. 103]

An important polemic. A defense of Rabbinic Judaism and an attack upon Christianity. Yom-Tov Lipmann Muelhausen was one of the great rabbis of Prague, who began his activities as a polemicist early in life. His best-known disputation was with the apostate Peter in connection to the edict of apostasy issued against the Jews of Prague in 1389. The intent of Muelhausen’s Sepher Nitzachon, composed in 1390, was to serve as a handbook for the ordinary Jew compelled at times to wrestle with complex theological problems. Written in a rationalistic vein, it sets forth a systematic debate against Christianity, following the biblical order in the presentation of its arguments. Muelhausen refutes the Christian interpretation of the Bible and the doctrines derived from them, and in so doing, incidentally provides many exegetic insights. His method is to expose the Christian lack of understanding of Hebrew sources with their linguistic and contextual associations and to ridicule aspects of the Christian religion. Muelhausen’s great superiority over other polemicists was his fluency in Latin and an intimate knowledge of Christian literature including the Evangelion, the Vulgate, the leading Church Fathers, as well as the works of the late Christian scholars. Sepher Nitzachon was much copied in manuscript, but was first published by a Christian, the priest Theodore Hackspan, who strove to edit it with maximum faithfulness to the source, with the aim of enabling Christian scholars to oppose it. However, neither he nor the workers at his press had a full understanding of the language of the sources or of their subject matter, and as a result, this edition is full of errors. Yom Tov Lipmann’s activities as a polemicist gave him lasting renown. Over the years a complete and ramified body of literature in refutation of him was produced, known by the general name of “Anti-Lipmanniana.” Among the Christian scholars who applied themselves to this task were Bodker, Muenster, Buxtorf, Wagenseil and Hackspan. The present volume contains two works in rebuttal by J. H. Hottinger, the Swiss Protestant theologian and Hebraist. See J. Rosenthal, Anti-Christian Polemics from Its Beginnings to the End of the 18th Century, Areshet II, pp.142-146; Carmilly-Weinberger, pp.186-87; EJ XI, cols. 499-502. R. Yom-Tov Lipmann Muelhausen's Sepher Nizahon is not to be confused with the older Sepher Nizahon which it is assumed was composed in Germany in the latter part of the thirteenth century. The Nizahon Vetus (Old Nizahon), as it has come to be known in the scholarly literature, was first published by Wagenseil as part of his Tela Ignea Satanae (Altdorf, 1681). Jewish Publication Society of America published a critical edition and English translation of the anonymous Nizahon Vetus by Prof. David Berger (Philadelphia, 1979).