Following the seizure of power by the National Socialists in 1933, the Berlin-born publisher Walter Landauer (1902-44) fled Germany for Austria and then Switzerland. Yet it was only in Amsterdam he felt secure enough to establish the Allert de Lange publishing house which focused on “Exil-literatur.” The German occupation of the Netherlands in May, 1940 forced the closure of the publishing house and Landauer went underground. Thomas Mann and other German exiles sought to help Landauer flee to the United States, however he was eventually captured and arrested in 1943. He died of starvation a year later in Bergen Belsen.